Romanticism
Romanticism was a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe. In part, it was a reaction against the Age of Enlightenment and the scientific rationalisation of nature. Whereas the thinkers of the Enlightenment emphasized the primacy of deductive reason, Romanticism emphasized intuition, imagination, and feeling.
The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, elevated folk art and ancient custom to something noble, and made spontaneity desirable.
Romanticism elevated the achievements of what it perceived as heroic individualists and artists, whose pioneering examples would elevate society. It also legitimized the individual imagination as a critical authority, which permitted freedom from classical notions of form in art.
Germany
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1749–1832
- Faust, Parts One and Two; Dichtung und Wahrheit; Egmont; Elective Affinities; The Sorrows of Young Werther; Poems; Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship; Wilhelm Meister's Years of Wandering; Italian Journey; Verse Plays; Hermann and Dorothea; Roman Elegies; Venetian Epigrams; West-Eastern Divan.
- Friedrich Schiller, 1759-1805
- The Robbers; Mary Stuart; Wallenstein; Don Carlos; On the Naïve and Sentimental in Literature.
- Hoffmann, E. T. A. (Ernst Theodor Amadeus), 1776-1822
- The Devil's Elixir; Tales.
Britain
- Robert Burns
- Poems.
- William Blake, 1757-1827
- Complete Poetry and Prose.
- Maria Edgeworth, 1767-1849
- Castle Rackrent.
- William Wordsworth, 1770–1850
- Poems; The Prelude.
- Walter Scott, 1771-1832
- Waverley; The Heart of Midlothian; Redgauntlet; Old Mortality.
- Jane Austen, 1775-1817
- Pride and Prejudice; Emma; Mansfield Park; Persuasion.
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 1772–1834
- Poems and Prose.
- Dorothy Wordsworth, 1771-1855
- The Grasmere Journal.
- William Hazlitt, 1778-1830
- Essays and Criticism.
- Walter Savage Landor, 1775-1864
- Poems; Imaginary Conversations.
- Thomas de Quincey, 1785–1859
- Confessions of an English Opium Eater; Selected Prose.
- Charles Lamb, 1775-1834
- Essays.
- James Hogg
- The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner.
- Charles Robert Maturin, 1782–1824
- Melmoth the Wanderer.
- John Clare
- Poems.
- Beddoes, Thomas Lovell.
- Death's Jest-Book; Poems.
- George Darley
- Nepenthe; Poems.
- Thomas Hood
- Poems.
- Thomas Wade
- Poems.
- George Byron, 1788-1824
- Don Juan; Poems.
- Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1792-1822
- Poems; A Defence of Poetry.
- John Keats, 1795-1821
- Poems and Letters.
- Mary Shelley, 1797-1851
- Frankenstein.
- Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1803-1873
America
- Washington Irving, 1783-1859
- The Sketch Book.
- Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1804-1864
- The Scarlet Letter; Tales and Sketches; The Marble Faun; Notebooks.
France
- Stendhal, 1783-1842
- On Love; The Red and the Black; The Charterhouse of Parma.
- Victor Hugo, 1802-1885
- The Distance, the Shadows: Selected Poems; Les Misérables; Notre-Dame of Paris; William Shakespeare; The Toilers of the Sea; The End of Satan; God.
- Alexandre Dumas, père, 1802-1870
- The Three Musketeers; The Count of Monte Cristo.
Russia
- Aleksandr Pushkin, 1799-1837
- Complete Prose Tales; Complete Poetry; Eugene Onegin; Narrative Poems; Boris Godunov.
- Mikhail Lermontov, 1814-1841
- Narrative Poems; A Hero of Our Time.
See also:
